Wind turbine design software
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These systems are usually spring-loaded, so that if hydraulic power fails, the blades automatically furl.
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In addition, many turbines use hydraulic systems. This drive precisely angles the blade while withstanding high torque loads. Since furling requires acting against the torque on the blade, it requires some form of pitch angle control, which is achieved with a slewing drive. Standard turbines all furl in high winds. These systems are nonlinear and couple the structure to the flow field - requiring design tools to evolve to model these nonlinearities. This can be accomplished with downwind rotors or with curved blades that twist naturally to reduce angle of attack at higher wind speeds.
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Loads can be reduced by making a structural system softer or more flexible. A fully furled turbine blade, when stopped, faces the edge of the blade into the wind. One major problem is getting the blades to stall or furl quickly enough in a wind gust. Furling įurling works by decreasing the angle of attack, which reduces drag and blade cross-section.
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VGs are placed on the airfoil to enhance the lift if they are placed on the lower (flatter) surface or limit the maximum lift if placed on the upper (higher camber) surface. Vortex generators may be used to control blade lift characteristics. However, the degree of blade pitch tended to increase noise levels. This technique was successfully used on many early HAWTs. A natural strategy, then, is to allow the blade to stall when the wind speed increases. Ī fixed-speed HAWT inherently increases its angle of attack at higher wind speed as the blades speed up. However, other than systems with dynamically controlled pitch, it can not produce a constant power output over a large range of wind speeds, which makes it less suitable for large scale, power grid applications. This is a simple fail-safe mechanism to help prevent damage. The blades of a fixed pitch turbine can be designed to stall in high wind speeds, slowing rotation. Usually this is due to a high angle of attack (AOA), but can also result from dynamic effects. Stall Ī stall on an airfoil occurs when air passes over it in such a way that the generation of lift rapidly decreases. Some turbines can survive 80 metres per second (290 km/h 180 mph). The survival speed of commercial wind turbines ranges from 40 m/s (144 km/h, 89 MPH) to 72 m/s (259 km/h, 161 MPH), typically around 60 m/s (216 km/h, 134 MPH). Īny wind blowing above the survival speed damages the turbine. If the rated wind speed is exceeded the power has to be limited.Ī control system involves three basic elements: sensors to measure process variables, actuators to manipulate energy capture and component loading, and control algorithms that apply information gathered by the sensors to coordinate the actuators. The cut-in speed is around 3–4 m/s for most turbines, and cut-out at 25 m/s. Because power increases as the cube of the wind speed, turbines have must survive much higher wind loads (such as gusts of wind) than those loads from which they generate power.Ī wind turbine must produce power over a range of wind speeds. The centrifugal force on the blades increases as the square of the rotation speed, which makes this structure sensitive to overspeed. Rotation speed must be controlled for efficient power generation and to keep the turbine components within speed and torque limits.